Plants bloom continuously from summer until frost. Flowers are followed by rounded fruits that are walnut-sized capsules that are knobby D. The capsules split open when ripe to release the numerous flattened tan or brown seeds that are similar in appearance to stout tomato seeds. Unless the seed capsules are removed before maturity, the plants tend to self-seed and can become invasive. Seeds remain viable for years. Daturas tend to be large, sprawling plants with a coarse texture, so they are best suited as specimen or background plants in mixed or annual plantings.
If possible, place them where the fragrance of the dramatic flowers may be enjoyed. Those with white flowers are a natural choice for the moon garden as they are most fragrant in the evening.
The bold foliage contrasts well with short ornamental grasses such as shorter annual or perennial Pennisetum s or ruby grass and annuals with fine or medium foliage and lots of flowers, such as Profusion series zinnias or petunias. Grow datura in full sun and well-drained soil it will grow in partial shade, but will be leggier and have fewer flowers. It is drought tolerant once established and thrives in almost any type of soil, but the plants are most impressive when grown in humus-rich loam with regular moisture.
They need plenty of room and will quickly grow to fill an area of several feet once the weather gets hot so place them accordingly. They may be grow from seed sown outdoors after the last frost or started indoors weeks before the average date of last frost and planted outdoors after all threat of frost has passed and after acclimating the young plants to outdoor conditions.
Although they can be grown in large containers, they are generally best grown in the ground because of their size. They rarely need pruning, although stems can be cut back to shape the plants. Staking may be necessary for some plants. They have almost no pest problems, but may be infested with whiteflies, mealybugs and spider mites. There are several cultivars and hybrids of datura but often the species is not included when offered for sale or the same variety is listed under different names, including species names that are not scientifically accepted including:.
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Toggle navigation. Datasheet Datura stramonium jimsonweed. Don't need the entire report? Generate a print friendly version containing only the sections you need. Generate report. Expand all sections Collapse all sections. Origin Unclear, but probably tropical America.
Reason for Introduction Ornament and accidentally as a contaminant. Impacts Competes aggressively with native plants and crops, forming dense monospecific stands. Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature Top of page The genus name Datura is derived from dhatura, the Bengali name for the plant, while the epithet stramonium combines the Greek word strychnos for nightshade, and makinos meaning mad, referring to the narcotic properties of the species. Until relatively recently it had been customary to distinguish between the white-flowered D.
However, chemotaxanomic studies have confirmed that these are both forms of D. Variants of D. Morphological variants include: var. Adzet et al. However, differences in stomatal number and locations of protective and glandular hairs have been reported between specimens of var. Description Top of page D.
The roots may be shallow and extensively branched, but in some soils a stout, branched peg-like taproot with extensive stringy lateral roots can develop. In the seedling stage, the first true leaves are ovate with pointed tips and few or no lobes. In later stages the leaves, which have an unpleasant smell when crushed, are alternate, ovate to broadly triangular, glabrous, unevenly toothed, cm long, cm wide, on a petiole and up to 10 cm long.
Flowers are usually borne erect on short peduncles in the axils of branches. The tubular calyx is 3 to 5 cm long with five unequal teeth, mm long. The 5-lobed white or purplish corolla is tubular or trumpet-shaped, cm long, fetid, with 5 stamens of equal length attached to the corolla near the base, and a long style with a 2-lobed stigma. The fruit is an ovoid, erect capsule, 3. The numerous seeds are dark brown to black, flat, kidney-shaped with an irregularly pitted surface, mm long, mm wide.
It is now found throughout almost all the USA except for the north-west and northern great plains. It was recorded in Virginia, USA, by , where it's seed was used as a narcotic by British soldiers. Although it had been collected in Quebec and Ontario in the late s, it was not until the s that D.
It was also noted in Australia by the early years of the 19th century Parsons and Cuthbertson, Distribution Table Top of page The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. Risk of Introduction Top of page Species of Datura have been spread around the world as contaminants of agricultural seed; Parsons and Cuthbertson quote the example of introduction of D.
Contaminated soyabeans have resulted in new infestations of D. It is particularly difficult to separate from sorghum seed, which is of a similar size. Seed inspection and certification agencies should therefore be vigilant when batches of seed for planting are imported from areas where species of Datura species are known to occur. Legislation in Queensland, Australia, prohibits the sale of crop seed which is contaminated by D. Habitat Top of page Thornapples are principally found in warm-temperate and subtropical regions, in open situations on fertile soils.
Although they favour regions with plentiful rainfall, they can also survive on sandy pastures. They are therefore aggressive colonizers of agricultural fields and compete strongly in summer crops in many parts of the world.
They are also found on the sites of abandoned cattle yards and on river flats. Indeed, Holm et al. Biology and Ecology Top of page D. It is a day-neutral plant and will flower in photoperiods of hours Holm et al. Although vigorous, isolated plants may produce 30, or more seeds, plants growing at high density will yield an average of seeds Weaver and Warrick, Mature seeds are dispersed by dehiscence from dry capsules up to a distance of m Conklin, , a process which is aided when plants are disturbed by harvesting equipment.
Seeds of D. Although D. Removal of the seed coat allows germination Gill, ; Martin, Dormant seeds require an after-ripening period before they will germinate. During this period the response to light and temperature alternation increases according to the dormancy level of the particular population Reisman-Berman et al. In studies using D. If seeds absorb liquid water, germination rates are lower, possibly due to poor oxygen diffusion through the seed coat.
Burial of seeds in the soil can affect the germination response to light, although published results are not unequivocal. Stoller and Wax reported that D.
Exposure of seed to light during cultivation will therefore stimulate germination. The weed is commonly found thriving around farm buildings, livestock yards and abandoned cattle pens, suggesting that it would be responsive to N fertilization under field conditions. However, this has not been shown to be the case in field experiments Holm et al.
Notes on Natural Enemies Top of page Many of the organisms which damage species of Datura are also important pests or diseases of crops see section on Economic Importance. Despite a considerable amount of research into the biocontrol potential of a number of fungi, particularly species of Alternaria, none are currently being used in weed control programmes.
Impact Top of page As a weed in more than countries, D. Crop losses due to competition from D. Even sparse populations can be damaging with individual plants reducing the yield of soyabean plants growing within a distance of 1.
Some of the more important include Manduca sexta, Phthorimaea operculella tobacco leaf miner in Australia, North America and South Africa , species of Alternaria and Cercospora leaf spots and pod blights , Phymatotrichopsis omnivora and Macrophomina phaseolina charcoal rot of maize and soya.
The species is also a susceptible host to more than 60 viruses. Trophane alkaloids produced by D. Due to the difficulty and expense of separating the seed from sorghum grain, contaminated samples of the crop may be downgraded or rejected by buyers in Australia Parsons and Cuthbertson, Livestock normally avoid eating species of Datura unless other vegetation is unavailable, but may be poisoned by ingesting it as a contaminant of hay, silage or seed screenings Hightower, Uses Top of page Species of Datura have been used in many parts of the world as narcotics, constituents of folk remedies and as a source of atropine, hyoscamine and hyoscine alkaloids for pharmacological use in both human and veterinary medicine Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, There has also been considerable interest in the use of extracts of Datura species as botanical pesticides.
In Australia, for example, the native D. As in D. The flowers of D. It is cultivated as an ornamental and is locally naturalized in Mediterranean regions of France, Spain, Italy and Sicily Moore, It has a capsule borne on a curved stalk, which does not dehisce by regularly-sized valves.
Although it is frequently cultivated as an ornamental, most reports of it as a naturalized species in the Mediterranean region of Europe appear to refer to D. Prevention and Control Top of page Due to the variable regulations around de registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control.
Cultural Control Isolated thornapple plants should be hand-pulled before they set seed, whereas larger areas of infestation are readily controlled by tillage when weeds are in the seedling stage. Cultivation becomes less effective as plants mature, because stems become woody and roots may not be completely severed. Seedlings emerge over a long period of time so repeated cultivations may be necessary to reduce the level of infestation Parsons and Cuthbertson, Post-harvest tillage may promote seed survival as seeds decay more rapidly on the soil surface than when buried Stoller and Wax, and there is greater loss of seed to predators under no-till than conventional tillage systems Brust and House, Chemical Control D.
These include: acifluorfen in soyabean and groundnuts; bentazone in soyabean, groundnuts and several bean species; atrazine, cyanazine, simazine, bromoxanil or dicamba in sorghum and maize; metolachlor in maize and sorghum in conjunction with a safener ; and 2,4-D, which is effective in the seedling and young growth stages.
Summaries of active ingredients which have been used for the control of D. It can be effectively controlled by early post-emergence application of imazethapyr in soyabean and groundnut Cantwell et al. Imazaquin and imazethapyr are effective in both no-till and conventional tillage situations, but crop damage can result in both systems under some weather conditions Mills and Witt, Post-emergent applications of clomazone provide a greater degree of control under conventional than reduced tillage systems Mills et al.
Selective chemical control of Datura species can be difficult in Solanaceous crops. However, mixtures of rimsulfuron and metribuzin can be used in potato Robinson et al. Herbicide-tolerant cultivars provide an opportunity for increased flexibility of chemical control. This approach would be particularly useful where triazine-resistant populations of the weed have evolved, for example, in the USA Williams et al.
The susceptibility of other Datura species to herbicides is generally similar to that of D. Efficient control of D. Floroxypyr and metribuzin can be used effectively against this species in sugarcane and soyabean, respectively Mitidieri, ; Webb and Feez, Biological Control AAL-toxin, a potent natural herbicide derived from the fungus Alternaria alternata, has been reported to provide selective control of D. Although the mycoherbicidal potential of a number of fungal pathogens has been demonstrated Boyette and Abbas, there are no reports of commercialization.
Karger Drummond RB, Weed Technology, 5 4 Hepper FN, Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica, 31 2 ; 12 ref Lorenzi H, Lorenzi, pp Lorenzi H, Weed Science, 37 2 ; 27 ref Mitidieri A, Assessment of pre-em.
Weed Science, 29 4 Moore DM, Phytoparasitica, 16 4 Robertson SA, Weed Technology, 11 1 ; 21 ref Stace C, Indian Phytopathology, 32 4 Todorovic DB, Santa Cruz Bolivia, pp Velez I, American Midland Naturalist, 1 Witt, A.
CABI, Undated. Compendium record. Distribution Maps Top of page You can pan and zoom the map. Select a dataset I want to see the distribution of this species based on the records CABI believe are most reliable.
The best form of invasive species management is prevention. If prevention is no longer possible, it is best to treat the weed infestations when they are small to prevent them from establishing early detection and rapid response.
Controlling the weed before it seeds will reduce future problems. Control is generally best applied to the least infested areas before dense infestations are tackled. Consistent follow-up work is required for sustainable management. Isolated plants should be hand-pulled before they set seed and larger infestations can be controlled by tillage when weeds are in the seedling stage.
This becomes less effective as plants mature as stems become woody plants can regenerate from the roots if they are not completely removed.
Datura stramonium is susceptible to a range of soil- and foliar-applied herbicides which are commonly used for selective broadleaf annual weed control. When using any herbicide always read the label first and follow all instructions and safety requirements. If in doubt consult an expert. Despite a great deal of research into the biocontrol potential of a number of fungi, none are currently being used in weed control programmes.
Accordingly the Minister of Agriculture can compel land owners who have such declared noxious weeds growing on their land to eradicate or have it otherwise removed. Datura stramonium jimsonweed. CABI Publishing Accessed March Back to top.
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